The Segregation Of The Black School - 1299 Words

In today’s society, seeing multiple ethnicities together in one place is not uncommon, but for many years African Americans were segregated against by whites. Not only was segregation prevalent in the 1890’s, but racism and discrimination were other controversies that African Americans also faced. Segregation in the nineteenth century was seen in many places ranging anywhere from public facilities to public transportation. This type of segregation was referred to as The Jim Crow Laws. The Jim Crow Laws were a set of enforced rules that segregation Segregation also included what schools African American were and were not allowed to attend. Life before the Brown versus Board of Education for an African American student was difficult. It†¦show more content†¦Two years later, in 1954, the Chief Justice ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and would no longer be allowed (United States Courts, par. 11-15). In 1954, when the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, desegregation had to begin in public schools, because the African American children were not getting an equal education. Chief Justice Warren of the Supreme Court decided that the saying ‘separate but equal’ did not apply and was not acceptable for education (United States Courts, par. 11-15). In the primary source of Felix Frankfurter’s draft decree to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision it states that no student should be denied admission to any public school because of his race. After these decisions, integration then began, but did not take place in a single instance; however, the Supreme Court integrated a small amount of children into schools at a single time. This idea was also known as integrating with â€Å"all deliberate speed† (United States Courts, par. 11-15). They wanted to ensure that the transition was as smooth as possible for the stu dents. Since not all black students could go to the white schools, because there was not adequate space for all the students the black schools were renovated to become equal to the whiteShow MoreRelated Segregation Essay examples824 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On May 17, 1954 the United States Supreme Court struck down the separate but equal doctrine in American public schools (Willoughby 40). The Constitution of the United States of America, Amendment XVI states that: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;All persons born or naturalized in the United States of America, and subject to nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;theyRead MoreNelson Mandela s Eradication Of The Apartheid1327 Words   |  6 Pages1994 became South Africa’s first black president. Mandela and many other black South Africans worked hard to end the unjust segregation in South Africa, and they were successful in destroying the wicked apartheid system. Over 20 years after the eradication of the apartheid, is South Africa completely free of the past segregation and social problems it faced before? Even though activists like Mandela changed many social problems the country faced, sadly segregation and racism until this day hauntsRead MoreStill Separate, Still Unequal1648 Words   |  7 PagesStill Separate, Still Unequal Segregation is a topic that has been discussed for decades. Segregation in schools wasnt really dealt with. The government basically disguised it and kept it away from the public. Brown V. Board of Education, Plessy V. Ferguson, and Jim Crow Laws was the cover, but it didnt solve anything. Segregation isnt just about race, its also financially. When money is involved in the situation theres a major advantage. Johnathan Kozol talks about how were still separateRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s Essay550 Words   |  3 Pagesstate laws segregating black people and white people with its decision concerning the Plessey v Ferguson case. The decision stated that black and white should be separate but equal, meaning the same standard of facilities for both. In reality it legally enforced a state of affairs that assured that blacks would never be equal, and couldn’t get equal treatment, status or opportunity in their own country. During the Second World War, the black American Gi’s realised that Read MoreSegregated Children in the United States Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesChildren From the 1880s to about the mid 1960s segregation had taken over American cities and towns. Segregation is the act of setting someone or something apart from other people or things. In America, African Americans were segregated from White people. Segregation was a result of the abolishment of slavery twenty-five years before. Whites still wanted to feel superior to the Blacks, and without slavery to chain them down, they decided to begin segregation by establishing Jim Crow laws. Jim Crow lawsRead MoreEssay on The Segregation of School in America1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe Segregation of School in America In history there are two major turning points in the fight for equal rights. The first was â€Å"Homer Plessey vs. The rail road company† of 1986. Homer Plessey was asked to sit in a black only carriage and refused; he was kicked off the train. He decided to take his case to the supreme court and they ruled in favour of segregation, saying â€Å"separate but equal†. Segregation had been occurring for many years already in the form of â€Å"The JimRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement refers to the reform movement in the United States beginning in the 1954 to 1968 led primarily by Blacks for outlawing racial discrimination against African-Americans to prove the civil rights of personal Black citizen. For ten decades after the Emancipation Proclamation, African-Americans in Southern states still live a rigid unequal world of deprive right of citizenship, segregation and various forms of oppression, including race-inspired violence. â€Å"Jim Crow† laws at the local and stateRead MoreThe Unequal Separation Of African Americans1453 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans as a whole agree that racial segregation has affected their chances of employment, residency, education and access to proper health facilities. Many have stories and experiences of being qualified for a job but being turned down for being African American. Several experiments hav e been conducted where an African American would attempt to view homes in diverse neighborhoods and be turned down and white co-workers or friends would call immediately after and be invited to come in.Read More Segregation: Seperate but Equal967 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem was segregation. Segregation is the act of separating a certain person or faction from the main group. In America’s case segregation was practiced on minorities such as African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. The full force of segregation was brought down on African-Americans. Segregation was based on shear hatred of blacks by white Americans. The majority of them derived their hatred for African-Americans from their parents. This hatred was applied to all aspects of black people’s livesRead MoreSegregated African American Children Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesChildren From the 1880s to about the mid 1960s segregation had taken over American cities and towns. Segregation is the act of setting someone or something apart from other people or things. In America, African Americans were segregated from White people. Segregation was a result of the abolishment of slavery twenty-five years before. Whites still wanted to feel superior to the Blacks, and without slavery to chain them down, they decided to begin segregation by establishing Jim Crow laws. Jim Crow laws

Organizational Impact Paper Free Essays

The purpose of this paper is to show how to evaluate the impact on innovation through strategies, processes, products and services through three different organizations. The organizations evaluated are Wal-Mart, Barnes Noble’s and the University of Phoenix. As a manager of the in original and companies, it is important that several companies find a system to pursue accordingly and maintain the focus on remaining competitive. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Impact Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consumers of all three businesses will profit from innovated options such as keeping the cost of products and services at a lower cost and by offering better options for a price which will enhance savings. Wal-Mart Wal-Mart values the impact on innovation through the quality of the product they sell to the customer. Wal-Mart makes sure that the customer is satisfied with the services rendered. By making sure that the quality is there for the products they sell the latest core principal will make sure that this continues. These core principal deals with the partner ships established with company so Wal-Mart will have good quality products to sell to the customer. By having these core principal the organization will be able to stay open because of the dedication they have to the customer. In order for the Wal-Mart to have these core principal take effect and have customer service improved to customer delight. Wal-Mart organization will have to implement a customer satisfaction survey line. This will have each store accountable for the services being provided to the customer. If the customer is happy for the service being provided the customer can call the hotline and let someone know about their situation. This will give a good learning tool for the store and local stores to improve on the situation that has happen so they can avoid it in the future. The way this can be enhanced is by having area coaches look in to the situation and ask what can be done better. By knowing and understanding the problem people can learn  from it and teach the associates how these mistakes were done and what was corrected. This type of quality planning will move the company forward and not be left behind. Barnes and Nobles The Barnes Noble’s impact on strategy is to take advantage of the technology that improves the quality of the company’s infrastructure, products and services may have risks associated with. One possible risk can be the data privacy and information security (Barnes Noble, 2010). Consumers may now buy books or e-books through entering their credit cards or bank accounts online. Another risk can be the consumer spending patterns. The consumers’ demand for products may be low, and can therefore result to decrease in sales and net income of the company. Competition can also be a risk associated with the initiative. For example, Amazon also has a product similar to Nook, which is the Kindle e-book reader. However, Barnes Noble also has products that no other company can offer, such as the amount of free e-books that the company offers to those who purchased their products. As long as these risks, initiatives, and the financial planning are effectively managed before a problem occurs, there would be a greater success in implementing the strategy of the company. University of Phoenix The University of Phoenix impact on strategy, process, product, or services in the education service over 22 years; they offer an array of classes with flexible schedules. An individual can acquire an Associate, Bachelor, or Masters Degree, and Doctoral degrees to certification and single courses. Another advantage the university offers is smaller online classes opposed to larger in class classrooms. The University of Phoenix hires faculty with real-world experience, and degree programs developed on relevant and effective learning for a quality education. The university is convenient for many students offering online and evening classes making it possible for those who work to have a chance to complete their education. The University of Phoenix is one of the nation’s largest private universities located in Phoenix, AZ with more than 200 university locations worldwide. Classes are online for individuals with a schedule that would  conflict with the campus class schedule, or for anyone that just wants to obtain a degree online. The university is online in most countries around the world that makes for a diversified classroom setting. The online classroom offers easy access to the online Library, grammar, spelling, and writing aides. Above all the classroom comes to you right on your computer, and you can do the online classes in the comfort of your own home while sitting in pajamas. The tuition for the universities online program versus college campus does initiate a higher price for a credit hour. The cost is justified with the cost of high technology, and the infrastructure. The university uses the profits made and re-invests it in the infrastructure to improve the online interaction. An individual is also able to apply for student loans, check on grants, and check with the school for any reduction in tuition fees. The University of Phoenix is consistently doing online advertising with side window ads grabbing an individual interest with the ad stating the question â€Å"Would you like to go back to school, and earn your degree? You may be able to go for free.† The University of Phoenix advertises on the television from time to time, and on the car radio with commercial ads. The university receives several referrals from university alumni, and from students who attend classes working on a degree. Word of mouth is a very powerful advertisement among friends and family then they go and tell their friends and family making word of mouth a powerful way to advertise. The University of Phoenix has grown into a large for profit educational institution although they had problems in the past they are slowly coming back from these unfortunate times. The university in the past has chosen many marketing strategies, and competing as a For-profit educational market. Segmentation of potential target markets such as consumers, business, and international is a very important process because not all the segments of a market are effective in a business’ needs. Here is where the evaluation of the market segment size and growth, structural attractiveness, and company objectives and resources will require analyzing carefully by management. Conclusion Throughout the past decade, innovation on several organizations has shown a profit with an abundance of success to many customers and owners. The originality of the improvements is performing very well as the customers and owners are quite pleased with the outcome. The consumers’ demand for products may be low, and can therefore result to decrease in sales and net income of the company. Competition can also be a risk associated with the initiative. How to cite Organizational Impact Paper, Papers Organizational Impact Paper Free Essays Organizational Impact Paper University of Phoenix Cathy M. Espy-Cook OI/361 Innovation, Design, and Creativity for a Competitive Advantage John Fleharty December 6, 2010 Organizational Impact Paper The impact that innovation has on an organization is significant. Defining what innovation, creativity, and design are to and organization and the impact it can have on an organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Impact Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now When an organization looks at innovation the company should be looking for a new way to do something.To expect change in innovation cannot be avoided in this changing and competitive world of business, changes will always be necessary to stay competitive. The three organizations I have chosen are Southwest Airlines, IBM Corporation and Motorola Company let see how innovation impacts these organizations. In 1971 an airline company named Southwest Airlines was born. The company stated with very little money but had some fame. Some of the advancement that made Southwest Airlines popular is their lower fares, the frequency of flight availability and on time arrivals, and an outstanding safety record.Southwest was always thinking innovation some years back southwest was thinking of the future and ways to keep their airlines in the forefront in the airlines industry the airlines purchased jet fuel at a lower price for future use, this was smart innovative and creative thinking on their behalf. â€Å"Tickets less travel, use of the internet, booking amp; tracking trips through the website are the other innovative policies that ease the business operation of the company† (Brainmass, 2008 pg. 1).Southwest Airlines has managed to be innovative on a couple of fronts the organization has developed a strategy to offer low fares and it has helped to streamline the operations. Another example is that Southwest uses only one type of airplane that is the Boeing 737s all the planes are indistinguishable with the flight instruments, â€Å"this saves time and money by simplifying training. Pilot, flight attendants, and mechanics only need to know procedures for a single model of Boeing 737† (Brainmass, 2008). Furthermore, as the country has faced some rough economic times especially is the airlines industry Southwest has managed to remain at the top in sales, customer service, lower fares, and on time arrivals. Southwest has purchased newer aircraft and aviation technology to improve performance and reduce overhead cost. Motorola was born on September 25, 1928 by Brothers Paul and Joseph Galvin the original name of the company was Galvin manufacturing Corporation in Chicago, Illinois. Motorola has been committed to innovation in communicates and electronics for the past 82 years. Their impact has been enormous.The company has been a solid innovator in the area of mobile communications. Motorola innovative impact has led to untapped opportunities all over the world. With the broad range of expertise in engineering and technology the company has certainly become and innovative leader. â€Å"So the company also takes the advantages of the new technology innovation in order to improve the efficiency and quality of the products. By utilizing the efficiency of the workforce, the company can posses the highest quality products and control over the 45% industry all over the world† (Brainmass, 2008, pg. ). In Motorola’s case the external factors are important in their innovative impact, their opportunities and threats can depend upon the external strategy that is in place. These factors can change in accordance with the change business environment, the competition and the various innovations that the company has in place. It is vital for Motorola make changes in their strategy plan and do it according to the changes that take place in the external environment. IBM International Business Machines Corporation has been a leader in the computer technology industry since the 1950s.The innovative impact that IBM has had since the 1950s has been significant and creative. Their computer innovations cover hardware, operating systems, and various applications, (for example) in the 1960s IBM developed COBOL it was one of the first and most popular language until the 1980s. By 1981 IBM introduces the personal computer with the Intel 8088 processor, which is in use in the majority of personal computers today. IBM provides elite innovation services and products to its clients. † IBM innovates with Eamp;TS to hold a new innovation standard called Innovation Networks i. . a new market ecosystem that allow firms to merge effortlessly. By tapping Eamp;TS’ Innovation Network services, firms can reduce product development costs- Clients can save costs by leveraging IBM’s existing IP instead of designing from scratch† (Brainmass, 2008. ). This method helps to decrease the time-to-market and the methods and processes that Eamp;TS uses such as six sigma and integrated product development helps the clients with his or her product development and reduces the snags and increases time-to-market. Gain on demand access to critical IP and specific engineering skills- Since, electronics and software are increasingly used in cars, planes and telecom equipment, OEMs need to make up for the lack of in-house expertise in chip design or embedded software development through IBM expertise† (Brainmass, 2008. ).References Sharma, A. (April 7, 2008) Brainmass retrieved from online on December 5, 2010 http://www. brainmass. com/instant/? id=3b2fbc053645893ed528211454373ab1amp;action=viewamp;posting_id=174980 How to cite Organizational Impact Paper, Papers

Accounting and Financial Reporting of Wesfarmers and Woolworths

Question: Discuss about the Financial Reporting of Wesfarmers and Woolworths. Answer: Introduction Wesfarmers Established in 1914 as Western Australian Farmers cooperative, they have reached to find its place among the biggest listed companies in Australia. Their diverse business include the departmental stores, supermarkets, fertilisers and energy, safety products, home improvements and office supplies. The main objectives of the company are to provide the satisfactory return to their shareholders. They aim to attain this objective through: Fulfilling the requirements of the customers by providing services and goods on professional and competitive basis. Delivering safe working environment for the employees with good rewards for performance and opportunity for further improvements. Giving importance to the protection of environment in which they operate Operating with integrity and honesty while dealing outside as well as inside the company. Their organizational structure reveals that they have 94 executives and 9 subsidiaries named as Bunnings, Coles Group, Target Australia, Wesfarmer chemicals (Kleenheat and CSBP), officeworks, Wesfarmers resources and Wesfarmers Industrial and Safety. During 2016, they have achieved the following things: They reduced the frequency rate of total recordable injury by 15.2% They worked to promote the diversity in the workplace and over 3300 employees were recognized as indigenous They improved the transparency under the audit program for over 3200 factories under the supply chain They were able to reduce the green house gas emissions by over 2% during the last year (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Woolworths On 22nd February 1878, 1st store of Woolworth was established by Frank Winfield as Woolworths great five cent store. They are one of the biggest supermarkets among Australia and accounts for 80% of the market share of Australia. Among the various products they deal with, the drink business includes BWS and Dan Murphys main objective is to deliver the convenience and best value to their customers. They are better known for selling the grocery items. However, they also deal with sales of DVDs, magazines, stationary items and currently having more than 1000 stores in Australia itself. Their main aim is to become the most preferable brand for the customers and to achieve that they have the below mentioned strategies: Building a tem and store-led culture for the customers Creating the sustainable momentum for sales of foods Becoming the lean retailer by system excellence and end-to-end procedure Empowering the portfolio business to increase the shareholders worth Develop their drink business to deliver convenience and value to the customers. Their organizational structure reveals that they have 77 executives and 5 subsidiaries named as Big W, Progressive enterprise, EziBuy, Dan Murphys and Endeavour Drinks. Among others, few notable achievements by Woolworth are as follows: They were the 1st to establish the system of best before and sell by through providing their customers with the indication of the probable time at which the good swill be reached to them They were the 1st to achieve the organic growth of the commercial crop cotton. They were the 1st to remove as much preservatives and additives as possible from the foods they deal with (Woolworths Online 2017). Identification and evaluation of financing sources Capital Structure: Wesfarmers Liabilities Amount Amount Current liabilities Trade and other payables $ 6,491.00 Interest bearing loans and borrowings $ 1,632.00 Income tax payable $ 29.00 Provisions $ 1,861.00 Derivatives $ 160.00 Other $ 251.00 Total current liabilities $ 10,424.00 Non-current liabilities Interest bearing loans and borrowings $ 5,871.00 Provisions $ 1,554.00 Derivatives $ 81.00 Other $ 104.00 Total non-current liabilities $ 7,610.00 Total liabilities $ 18,034.00 Equities Amount Amount Issued capital $21,937.00 Reserved shares $ -28.00 Retained earnings $ 874.00 Reserves $ 166.00 Total equities $ 22,949.00 Capital structure Amount of total capital $ 40,983.00 Amount of debt $ 18,034.00 Amount if equity $ 22,949.00 Debt portion (%) 44% Equity portion 56% From the above table it can be identified that the amount of capital for Wesfarmers worth $ 40,983 million. Out of the total capital, $ 18,034 that is 44% has been raised through debt and $22,949 that is 56% has been raised through equity. Further, the leverage ratio of the company that is, (Total debt/total assets) = ($22,949 / $40,983) = 44%. It states that for every dollar of the asset of the company, it has to raise $0.44 of debt (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Analysis of debt The debt of the company is generally raised in name of Wesfarmers and is associated with corporate guarantee. If the debt is directly raised by the joint venture or subsidiary then that will have a separate arrangement for security. The facilities associated with the bank debt funds are subjected to the threshold limit of interest coverage ratio and minimum leverage. Normally the secured debt cannot be more than a specific % of total assets. However, the set % can exceed in some specific cases like acquisition (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Analysis of equity The ordinary shares of Wesfarmers are fully paid and do not have any par value. Each share carries one voting vote and is entitled to receive dividends. The shares do not carry any conditions or special terms that can affect the capital entitlements or the income of the company and are simply classified under equity. The reserved shares are the ordinary shares that were repurchased by the company and are held for the purpose of future use. Woolworths Liabilities Amount Amount Current liabilities Trade and other payables $ 6,266.10 Borrowings $ 490.70 Current tax payable $ 39.50 Provisions $ 1,873.50 Liabilities associated with assets held for sale $ 202.60 Other financial liabilities $ 120.30 Total current liabilities $ 8,992.70 Non-current liabilities Borrowings $ 3,870.90 Provisions $ 1,382.40 Other $ 294.50 Other financial liabilities $ 179.80 Total non-current liabilities $ 5,727.60 Total liabilities $ 14,720.30 Equities Amount Amount Issued capital $ 5,347.00 Reserved shares $ -94.80 Retained earnings $ 3,124.50 Reserves $ 93.90 Total equities $ 8,470.60 Capital structure Amount of total capital $ 23,190.90 Amount of debt $ 14,720.30 Amount if equity $ 8,470.60 Debt portion (%) 63% Equity portion 37% From the above table it can be identified that the amount of capital for Woolworth worth $ 23,190 million. Out of the total capital, $ 14,720 that is 63% has been raised through debt and $8,470 that is 37% has been raised through equity. Further, the leverage ratio of the company that is, (Total debt/total assets) = ($14,720 / $23,502.20) = 63%. It states that for every dollar of the asset of the company, it has to raise $0.63 of debt (Woolworths Online 2017). Analysis of debt The financial arrangements are made through the bank loan and the company is able to draw the loan at any time with the associated lending agreements. Further, the bank overdraft facilities can be drawn at any time. The borrowings of the company are initially recognised at the fair value less attributable transactional costs. Consequently, the borrowings are recognised and recorded at amortised cost. The difference between redemption value and cost are recognised under the consolidated statement for profit and loss during the period of borrowing. Analysis of equity Holders of the ordinary shares are enable to get receive the dividends and are entitled to one vote for each share at the meeting of the shareholders. In the occasion of winding-up the ordinary shareholders will stand only after fulfilment of dues of the creditors and all other shareholders and are entitled for the proceeds from the liquidation (Woolworths Online 2017). Ratio analysis Ratio analysis Ratio Formula Wesfarmers Woolworths Amount Result Amount Result Liquidity and efficiency Current ratio Current assets 9,684 0.93 7427.00 0.83 Current liabilities 10,424 8992.70 Accounts receivable turnover Net sales 65,981 27.89 58275.50 70.68 Average accounts receivable 2,366 824.55 Profitability Return on asset ratio Net Income 407 1.00 -1234.80 -5.25 Total assets 40,783 23502.20 Return on sales Net income 407 0.62 -1234.80 -2.12 Sales 65,981 58275.50 Solvency Debt ratio Total liabilities 17,834 0.44 14720.30 0.63 Total assets 40,783 23502.20 Equity ratio Total equity 22,949 0.56 8781.90 0.37 Total assets 40,783 23502.20 From the above table it is recognised that the current ratio of both the companies are less than 1, which indicates that both the firms are facing problems in paying-off their current dues. However, the current ratio of Wesfarmers is slightly better at 0.93 as compared to that of Woolworths 0.83 (Arkan et al. 2016). On the other hand, the account receivable turnover of Woolworth is far better than Wesfarmers as they are able to collect their receivables up to 71 times as compared to 27 times of Wesfarmers. However, as Woolworths was not able to generate any positive income during 2016, their return on asset as well as return on sales both are negative as compared to the 0.62% return on sales of Wesfarmers (Arrozio, Gonzales and da Silva 2016). Out of the total capital of Wesfarmers, 44% has been raised through debt and 56% has been raised through equity and for Woolworths, 63% has been raised through debt and 37% has been raised through equity. As Woolworths were not able to generate any positive earning, it can be said that the financial position of Wesfarmers is better as compared to that of Woolworth (Delen, Kuzey and Uyar 2013). Financial reporting framework The consolidated financial statements of both the companies are prepared on the basis of the Corporation Act 2001, international financial reporting standards, Australianaccounting standards and interpretations and are complied with the applicable laws. The Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared based on the Australian dollars and are rounded-off to the nearest tenth of a million dollars (unless otherwise stated as per ASIC Class Order 98/100 (Luke 2016). The Financial Statements are prepared on historical cost method except for available for sale derivative financial assets that are measured at fair value and some other comprehensive income and liabilities are transacted at fair value, as explained in theaccounting policies. Theaccounting policies are consistently applied to the periods under consideration for the financial statements, unless otherwise stated. Both the companies prepare their financial statement on the same basis as they both are registered with the Australi an stock exchange and are in the similar business (Humphrey, ODwyer and Unerman 2014). Conclusion and recommendation From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the capital structure of the companies are different from each other as out of the total capital Wesfarmers raised 44% through debt while Woolworths raised 63% through debt. The ideal capital structure for an organization is one third equity and two third debt as the cost of debt is normally lower as compared to equity and moreover, debt does not have any right to the profits of the company. Therefore, Wesfarmers are suggested to finance their assets through more of debt rather than equities. Further, as the average receivable ratio of Wesfarmers is too low, they are suggested to improve their receivable ratio through proper measures. References Arkan, T., Barburski, J., Bolek, M., Gostkowska-Drzewicka, M., Homa, M., Mo?cibrodzka, M., Mizio?ek, T., Zaremba, A., Olbry?, J., Mursztyn, M. and Osiichuk, D., 2016. The Importance of Financial Ratios in Predicting Stock Price Trends: A Case Study in Emerging Markets.Finanse. Rynki Finansowe. Ubezpieczenia, (1 (79) Rynek kapita?owy i zarz?dzanie warto?ci?), pp.13-26. Arrozio, M.M., Gonzales, A. and da Silva, F.L., 2016. Changes in the financial ratios of the wholesale and retail sector companies arising from the newAccounting of the operating lease.revista eniac pesquisa,5(2), pp.139-159. Delen, D., Kuzey, C. and Uyar, A., 2013. Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), pp.3970-3983. Humphrey, C., ODwyer, B. and Unerman, J., 2014. The rise of integrated reporting: understanding attempts to institutionalize a new reporting framework.Centre for Social Environmental Accounting Research (CSEAR), St Andrews. Luke, B., 2016. Measuring and Reporting on Social Performance: From Numbers and Narratives to a Useful Reporting Framework for Social Enterprises.Social and Environmental Accountability Journal,36(2), pp.103-123. Wesfarmers.com.au. (2017). Home. [online] Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Woolworths Online. (2017). Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com.au/ [Accessed 19 May 2017].